https://hdl.handle.net/10259/6337 2026-05-16T03:43:21Z https://hdl.handle.net/10259/7665 Explainable machine learning for project management control Santos Martín, José Ignacio; Pereda, María; Ahedo García, Virginia; Galán Ordax, José Manuel Project control is a crucial phase within project management aimed at ensuring —in an integrated manner— that the project objectives are met according to plan. Earned Value Management —along with its various refinements— is the most popular and widespread method for top-down project control. For project control under uncertainty, Monte Carlo simulation and statistical/machine learning models extend the earned value framework by allowing the analysis of deviations, expected times and costs during project progress. Recent advances in explainable machine learning, in particular attribution methods based on Shapley values, can be used to link project control to activity properties, facilitating the interpretation of interrelations between activity characteristics and control objectives. This work proposes a new methodology that adds an explainability layer based on SHAP —Shapley Additive exPlanations— to different machine learning models fitted to Monte Carlo simulations of the project network during tracking control points. Specifically, our method allows for both prospective and retrospective analyses, which have different utilities: forward analysis helps to identify key relationships between the different tasks and the desired outcomes, thus being useful to make execution/replanning decisions; and backward analysis serves to identify the causes of project status during project progress. Furthermore, this method is general, model-agnostic and provides quantifiable and easily interpretable information, hence constituting a valuable tool for project control in uncertain environments. 2023-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10259/7106 Wearable Devices in Diving: Scoping Review Bube, Benjamin; Baruque Zanón, Bruno; Lara Palma, Ana María; Klocke, Heinrich Background: Wearables and their benefits for the safety and well-being of users have been widely studied and have had an enormous impact on the general development of these kinds of devices. Yet, the extent of research into the use and impact of wearable devices in the underwater environment is comparatively low. In the past 15 years, there has been an increased interest in research into wearables that are used underwater, as the use of such wearables has steadily grown over time. However, there has so far been no clear indication in the literature about the direction in which efforts for the design and construction of underwater wearable devices are developing. Therefore, the analysis presented in this scoping review establishes a good and powerful basis for the further development and orientation of current underwater wearables within the field. Objective: In this scoping review, we targeted wearable devices for underwater use to make a comprehensive map of their capabilities and features and discuss the general direction of the development of underwater wearables and the orientation of research into novel prototypes of these kinds of devices. Methods: In September 2021, we conducted an extensive search for existing literature on 4 databases and for grey literature to identify developed prototypes and early-stage products that were described and tested in water, could be worn and interacted with (eg, displays, buttons, etc), and were fully functional without external equipment. The studies were written in English, came from peer-reviewed academic sources, and were published between 2005 and 2021. We reviewed each title and abstract. The data extraction process was carried out by one author and verified by another author. Results: In total, 36 relevant studies were included. Among these, 4 different categories were identified; 18 studies dealt primarily with safety devices, 9 dealt with underwater communication devices, 7 dealt with head-up displays, and 2 dealt with underwater human-computer interaction approaches. Although the safety devices seemed to have gained the most interest at the time of this study, a clear trend toward underwater communication wearables was identified. Conclusions: This review sought to provide a first insight into the possibilities and challenges of the technologies that have been used in and for wearable devices that are meant for use in the underwater environment. Among these, underwater communication technologies have had the most significant influence on future developments. Moreover, a topic that has not received enough attention but should be further addressed is human-computer interaction. By developing underwater wearables that cover 2 or more of the technology categories that we identified, the extent of the benefits of such devices can be significantly increased in the future. 2022-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10259/6386 Comparative study of classification algorithms for quality assessment of resistance spot welding joints from preand post-welding inputs Martín, Óscar; Ahedo García, Virginia; Santos Martín, José Ignacio; Galán Ordax, José Manuel Resistance spot welding (RSW) is a widespread manufacturing process in the automotive industry. There are different approaches for assessing the quality level of RSW joints. Multi-input-single-output methods, which take as inputs either the intrinsic parameters of the welding process or ultrasonic nondestructive testing variables, are commonly used. This work demonstrates that the combined use of both types of inputs can significantly improve the already competitive approach based exclusively on ultrasonic analyses. The use of stacking of tree ensemble models as classifiers dominates the classification results in terms of accuracy, F-measure and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve metrics. Through variable importance analyses, the results show that although the welding process parameters are less relevant than the ultrasonic testing variables, some of the former provide marginal information not fully captured by the latter. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10259/6385 Mapping the scientific structure of organization and management of enterprises using complex networks Olivares Gil, Alicia; Arnaiz Rodríguez, Adrián; Ramírez Sanz, José Miguel; Garrido Labrador, José Luis; Ahedo García, Virginia; García Osorio, César; Santos Martín, José Ignacio; Galán Ordax, José Manuel Understanding the scientific and social structure of a discipline is a fundamental aspect for scientific evaluation processes, identifying trends and niches, and balancing the trade-off between exploitation and exploration in research. In the present contribution, the production of doctoral theses is used as a proxy to analyze the scientific structure of the knowledge area of business organization in Spain. To that end, a complex networks approach is selected, and two different networks are built: (i) the social network of co-participation in thesis examining committees and thesis supervision, and (ii) a bipartite network of theses and thesis descriptors. The former has a modular structure that is partially explained by thematic specialization in different subdisciplines. The latter serves to assess the interdisciplinary structure of the discipline, as it enables the characterization of affinity levels between fields, research poles and thematic clusters. Our results have implications for the scientific evaluation and formal definition of related fields. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z