2026-04-28T02:54:01Zhttps://riubu.ubu.es/oai/request

oai:riubu.ubu.es:10259/114722026-03-10T01:05:38Zcom_10259_6168com_10259_5086com_10259_2604com_10259_3924col_10259_6169col_10259_3925

Carreira Barral, Israel 763 600 0000-0002-4835-8752 García-Moral, Ana 24a1cb2d-5bfd-46bd-a5cd-de88f7012062 600 Iñigo-Martínez, María Emilia 1edf4c19-54e4-4c14-bf40-3574b74b4bef 600 Díez Hernández, Julieta 899 600 0000-0001-9935-077X Ibáñez Porras, Jesús 788 600 0000-0002-6271-4266 Alonso-Terán, Mario f818dfc6-6531-480f-8197-d4c526ddb89c 600 Fuente Gamero, Patricia de la 965 600 0000-0002-6048-1534 Barros García, Rocío 787 600 0000-0002-0392-8504 Martel Martín, Sonia 790 600 0000-0001-9080-0877 2026-03-09T09:18:30Z 2026-03-09T09:18:30Z 2026-06 0195-9255 https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11472 10.1016/j.eiar.2026.108364 This work proposes a straightforward methodology for integrating the environmental, economic, social, criticality and circularity dimensions as normalised indicators into a single equation, yielding a sustainability index, and demonstrates its applicability in the context of the steelmaking industry. This new approach, designed for early development stages and based on the elemental composition of the input materials (metal scraps and raw materials), allows the identification of those within a dataset that are of greatest concern according to their sustainability index and facilitates decision-making regarding their use in alloy production. A sensitivity analysis, with 11 studied scenarios, was conducted to evaluate the influence of the five indicators on the outcome, assigning different weights to them. The developed strategy, compatible with the Safe and Sustainable by Design framework, was successfully applied to a family of 207 materials of varying qualities. A set of raw materials, including both ferroalloys and pure elements, was identified as the most worrying group from the sustainability viewpoint, in line with previous works (e.g., ferroniobium, ferrotungsten, pure cobalt and pure copper), thereby validating the described framework. However, metal scraps should, whenever feasible, be prioritised, as their recovery would reduce the reliance on mineral resources. Consequently, a number of them are presented as alternatives to the least sustainable raw materials according to their sustainability indexes. The application of this methodology provides a holistic view of sustainability and enables rapid decisions regarding which products from a given set are more suitable for use, based on their index values and stakeholder needs. Israel Carreira-Barral thanks Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León and European Social Fund Plus (ESF+) for his ‘Andrés Laguna’ post-doctoral contract (ref. AL-UBU-01, 2024 call). Julieta Díez-Hernández thanks the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades for her pre-doctoral contract (University Teachers' Training Programme, ref. FPU/00605-2021). application/pdf eng Elsevier Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2026, V. 119, 108364 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2026.108364 Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Circularity assessment Criticality assessment Early-stage evaluation Metal scrap Raw material Steel Sustainability index Industria siderúrgica Desarrollo sostenible Iron industry and trade Sustainable development A five-indicator methodology for early-stage sustainable selection of metal scraps and raw materials: Application in the steel industry info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Environmental Impact Assessment Review 119 108364 THUMBNAIL Carreira-eiar_2026.pdf.jpg Carreira-eiar_2026.pdf.jpg IM Thumbnail image/jpeg 5019 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/11472/5/Carreira-eiar_2026.pdf.jpg 6d77b8916cee5ff29e177a75a6ac671f MD5 5 LICENSE license.txt license.txt text/plain; charset=utf-8 999 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/11472/3/license.txt b295bcbce42e2caabeb0c623d3860c06 MD5 3 CC-LICENSE license_rdf license_rdf application/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8 914 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/11472/2/license_rdf 24013099e9e6abb1575dc6ce0855efd5 MD5 2 ORIGINAL Carreira-eiar_2026.pdf Carreira-eiar_2026.pdf application/pdf 2635213 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/11472/4/Carreira-eiar_2026.pdf 5a3a3e9e0d5e0de5d5cbf144eee76acf MD5 4 10259/11472 oai:riubu.ubu.es:10259/11472 2026-03-10 02:05:38.162 Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos bubrep@ubu.es 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