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<mods:namePart>Gómez Gil, Jaime</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Ruiz González, Rubén</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name>
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<mods:namePart>Alonso Garcia, Sergio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Gómez Gil, Francisco Javier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued encoding="iso8601">2013-11</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:identifier type="issn">1424-8220</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="uri">http://hdl.handle.net/10259/4373</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="doi">10.3390/s131115307</mods:identifier>
<mods:abstract>Low-cost GPS receivers provide geodetic positioning information using the&#xd;
NMEA protocol, usually with eight digits for latitude and nine digits for longitude. When&#xd;
these geodetic coordinates are converted into Cartesian coordinates, the positions fit in a&#xd;
quantization grid of some decimeters in size, the dimensions of which vary depending on&#xd;
the point of the terrestrial surface. The aim of this study is to reduce the quantization errors&#xd;
of some low-cost GPS receivers by using a Kalman filter. Kinematic tractor model&#xd;
equations were employed to particularize the filter, which was tuned by applying Monte&#xd;
Carlo techniques to eighteen straight trajectories, to select the covariance matrices that&#xd;
produced the lowest Root Mean Square Error in these trajectories. Filter performance was&#xd;
tested by using straight tractor paths, which were either simulated or real trajectories&#xd;
acquired by a GPS receiver. The results show that the filter can reduce the quantization&#xd;
error in distance by around 43%. Moreover, it reduces the standard deviation of the heading&#xd;
by 75%. Data suggest that the proposed filter can satisfactorily preprocess the low-cost GPS&#xd;
receiver data when used in an assistance guidance GPS system for tractors. It could also be&#xd;
useful to smooth tractor GPS trajectories that are sharpened when the tractor moves over&#xd;
rough terrain.</mods:abstract>
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<mods:accessCondition type="useAndReproduction">Attribution 3.0 Unported</mods:accessCondition>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Kalman filter</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>agricultural vehicle</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Global Positioning System (GPS)</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>vehicle guidance</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>sensor data fusion</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>autonomous navigation</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A Kalman Filter Implementation for Precision Improvement in Low-Cost GPS Positioning of Tractors</mods:title>
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