2026-04-28T10:10:37Zhttps://riubu.ubu.es/oai/request

oai:riubu.ubu.es:10259/96832024-11-12T01:05:09Zcom_10259_8983com_10259_5086com_10259_2604col_10259_8984

Ruiz González, Rubén 735 600 0000-0001-7006-2395 Stombaugh, Tim 9d34a713-c657-42b5-9f57-c25b378eec8d 600 Martínez-Martínez, Víctor 7ca8d8b7-0ebf-4cac-bd98-50c192735635 600 Gómez Gil, Jaime c13c65a2-b154-4b5e-9904-ce2bb9a87617 600 2024-11-11T09:59:18Z 2024-11-11T09:59:18Z 2017-08 0168-1699 http://hdl.handle.net/10259/9683 10.1016/j.compag.2017.08.003 The cost of current flow rate measurement devices is quite high compared to the cost of low-end microphones. This circumstance, together with the fact that common agricultural sprayers have more than 50 nozzles, makes the use of current flow rate measurement devices cost-prohibitive. That considered, this article examines, by proposing one particular method, the feasibility of using microphones as flowmeters for nozzle tips in agricultural sprayers. The proposed method consists of the following stages: (i) acquisition of the digital acoustic data sequence, (ii) signal preprocessing, (iii) frequency domain transformation using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis, (iv) in-band power calculation, (v) power normalization, and (vi) regression or curve fitting. This method was assessed in an in-lab sprayer test bench employing 11 commercial nozzle tips at several operating flow rates within or close to those recommended by the manufacturers. The experimental results yielded, for all the tested nozzle tips, average absolute and relative Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values always below 0.08 liters per minute (lpm) and 5%, respectively, while the overall mean absolute and relative RMSE values were lower than 0.05 lpm and 2.5%. Furthermore, for each tested nozzle tip, the Maximum Absolute Error (MAE) was always bounded below 0.3 lpm, being the absolute error lower than 0.15 lpm for 95% of the time. The accuracies when employing a high-end microphone instead of a low-end one presented no statistically significant differences. These results provide strong evidence of the feasibility of accurately estimating the nozzle tip flow rate in real time based on acoustic signals. Moreover, no significant improvements are to be expected by using a high-end microphone instead of a low-end one. However, there are still some issues that should be tackled in order to enable the application of this method in real agricultural settings. During all the stages of this study, they were both funded by a Formación de Personal Investigador program grant, financed by the University of Valladolid (Spain) and co-financed by Banco Santander. application/pdf eng Elsevier Computers and Electronics Agriculture. 2017, V. 141, p. 255-266 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.08.003 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Agricultural sprayer nozzle Flowmeter Acoustic signal Microphone Frequency analysis Cost-effective solution Ingeniería Agrícola Ingeniería de Sistemas Agricultural engineering Systems engineering An acoustic method for flow rate estimation in agricultural sprayer nozzles info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 141 255 266 THUMBNAIL Ruiz-cea_2017.pdf.jpg Ruiz-cea_2017.pdf.jpg IM Thumbnail image/jpeg 4217 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/9683/4/Ruiz-cea_2017.pdf.jpg 84d2eb464e4e4b498789bc0fde6cc2fb MD5 4 LICENSE license.txt license.txt text/plain; charset=utf-8 1362 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/9683/3/license.txt 5d013bfa6e473ff0db22cd82a4d71a70 MD5 3 CC-LICENSE license_rdf license_rdf application/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8 805 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/9683/2/license_rdf 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347 MD5 2 ORIGINAL Ruiz-cea_2017.pdf Ruiz-cea_2017.pdf application/pdf 1706492 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/9683/1/Ruiz-cea_2017.pdf d26332275c07c7a6c4db806a17b99019 MD5 1 10259/9683 oai:riubu.ubu.es:10259/9683 2024-11-12 02:05:09.116 Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos bubrep@ubu.es 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