RT info:eu-repo/semantics/article T1 Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution A1 Kocher, Arthur A1 Papac, Luka A1 Barquera, Rodrigo A1 Key, Felix M. A1 Spyrou, Maria A. A1 Hübler, Ron A1 Rohrlach, Adam B. A1 Aron, Franziska A1 Stahl, Raphaela A1 Wissgott, Antje A1 van Bömmel, Florian A1 Pfefferkorn, Maria A1 Mittnik, Alissa A1 Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa A1 Neumann, Gunnar U. A1 Rivollat, Maïté A1 van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S. A1 Majander, Kerttu A1 Tukhbatova, Rezeda I. A1 Musralina, Lyazzat A1 Ghalichi, Ayshin A1 Penske, Sandra A1 Sabin, Susanna A1 Michel, Megan A1 Gretzinger, Joscha A1 Nelson, Elizabeth A. A1 Ferraz, Tiago A1 Nägele, Kathrin A1 Parker, Cody A1 Keller, Marcel A1 Guevara, Evelyn K. A1 Feldman, Michal A1 Eisenmann, Stefanie A1 Skourtanioti, Eirini A1 Giffin, Karen A1 Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto A1 Friederich, Susanne A1 Schimmenti, Vittoria A1 Khartanovich, Valery A1 Karapetian, Marina K. A1 Chaplygin, Mikhail S. A1 Kufterin, Vladimir V. A1 Khokhlov, Aleksandr A. A1 Chizhevsky, Andrey A. A1 Stashenkov, Dmitry A. A1 Kochkina, Anna F. A1 Tejedor-Rodríguez, Cristina A1 de Lagrán, Íñigo García-Martínez A1 Arcusa-Magallón, Héctor A1 Garrido-Pena, Rafael A1 Royo-Guillén, José Ignacio A1 Nováček, Jan A1 Rottier, Stéphane A1 Kacki, Sacha A1 Saintot, Sylvie A1 Kaverzneva, Elena A1 Belinskiy, Andrej B. A1 Velemínský, Petr A1 Limburský, Petr A1 Kostka, Michal A1 Loe, Louise A1 Popescu, Elizabeth A1 Clarke, Rachel A1 Lyons, Alice A1 Mortimer, Richard A1 Sajantila, Antti A1 de Armas, Yadira Chinique A1 Hernandez Godoy, Silvia Teresita A1 Hernández-Zaragoza, Diana I. A1 Pearson, Jessica A1 Binder, Didier A1 Lefranc, Philippe A1 Kantorovich, Anatoly R. A1 Maslov, Vladimir E. A1 Lai, Luca A1 Zoledziewska, Magdalena A1 Beckett, Jessica F. A1 Langová, Michaela A1 Danielisová, Alžběta A1 Ingman, Tara A1 Atiénzar, Gabriel García A1 de Miguel Ibáñez, Maria Paz A1 Romero, Alejandro A1 Sperduti, Alessandra A1 Beckett, Sophie A1 Salter, Susannah J. A1 Zilivinskaya, Emma D. A1 Vasil’ev, Dmitry V. A1 von Heyking, Kristin A1 Burger, Richard L. A1 Salazar, Lucy C. A1 Amkreutz, Luc A1 Navruzbekov, Masnav A1 Rosenstock, Eva A1 Alonso-Fernández, Carmen A1 Slavchev, Vladimir A1 Kalmykov, Alexey A. A1 Atabiev, Biaslan Ch. A1 Batieva, Elena A1 Calmet, Micaela Alvarez A1 Llamas, Bastien A1 Schultz, Michael A1 Krauß, Raiko A1 Jiménez-Echevarría, Javier A1 Francken, Michael A1 Shnaider, Svetlana A1 de Knijff, Peter A1 Altena, Eveline A1 Van de Vijver, Katrien A1 Fehren-Schmitz, Lars A1 Tung, Tiffiny A. A1 Lösch, Sandra A1 Dobrovolskaya, Maria A1 Makarov, Nikolaj A1 Read, Chris A1 Van Twest, Melanie A1 Sagona, Claudia A1 Ramsl, Peter C. A1 Akar, Murat A1 Yener, K. Aslihan A1 Carmona Ballestero, Eduardo A1 Cucca, Francesco A1 Mazzarello, Vittorio A1 Utrilla, Pilar A1 Rademaker, Kurt A1 Fernández-Domínguez, Eva A1 Baird, Douglas A1 Semal, Patrick A1 Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes A1 Roksandic, Mirjana A1 Steiner, Hubert A1 Salazar-García, Domingo Carlos A1 Shishlina, Natalia A1 Erdal, Yilmaz Selim A1 Hallgren, Fredrik A1 Boyadzhiev, Yavor A1 Boyadzhiev, Kamen A1 Küßner, Mario A1 Sayer, Duncan A1 Onkamo, Päivi A1 Skeates, Robin A1 Rojo-Guerra, Manuel A1 Buzhilova, Alexandra A1 Khussainova, Elmira A1 Djansugurova, Leyla B. A1 Beisenov, Arman Z. A1 Samashev, Zainolla A1 Massy, Ken A1 Mannino, Marcello A1 Moiseyev, Vyacheslav A1 Mannermaa, Kristiina A1 Balanovsky, Oleg A1 Deguilloux, Marie-France A1 Reinhold, Sabine A1 Hansen, Svend A1 Kitov, Egor P. A1 Dobeš, Miroslav A1 Ernée, Michal A1 Meller, Harald A1 Alt, Kurt W. A1 Prüfer, Kay A1 Warinner, Christina A1 Schiffels, Stephan A1 Stockhammer, Philipp W. A1 Bos, Kirsten A1 Posth, Cosimo A1 Herbig, Alexander A1 Haak, Wolfgang A1 Krause, Johannes A1 Kühnert, Denise K1 Hepatitis B K1 Genética de poblaciones K1 Population genetics AB Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic. PB American Association for the Advancement of Science SN 0036-8075 YR 2021 FD 2021-10 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11467 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11467 LA eng NO The research was funded by the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (771234–PALEoRIDER, to W.H.; 805268–CoDisEASe to K. Bos; 834616–ARCHCAUCASUS to S.H.), the Slovak Academy of Sciences and the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme and Marie Curie Actions under the Programme SASPRO (1340/03/03 to P.C.R.), the ERA.NET RUS Plus–S&T programm of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (277–BIOARCCAUCASUS to S.Re. and S.H.), the Werner Siemens Stiftung (“Paleobiochemistry”, to CW), the Award Praemium Academiae of the Czech Academy of Sciences (to M.E.), the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO 67985912, to M.Dobe.), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-09-00354a, to M.K.K. and V.V.K.; 19-78-10053 to SSh), the German Research Foundation (DFG-HA-5407/4-1–INTERACT to W.H. and RE2688/2 to S.Re.), the French National Research Agency (ANR-17-FRAL-0010–INTERACT, to M.F.D., M.Ri., S.Ro., S.Sai., D.Bi., and P.Le.), the Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (9558 to S.Sab.), and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP08856654 to L.B.D., L.M., and E.Kh. and AP08857177 to A.Z.B.). DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos RD 17-abr-2026