https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11274 2026-04-20T18:57:50Z 2026-04-20T18:57:50Z Gutiérrez García, Aida Fernández-Martín, Andrés Alguacil Sánchez, Sonia Gutiérrez Calvo, Manuel https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11456 2026-03-03T01:05:47Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Misperception of non-Happy Facial Features: Overshadowing and Priming by a Smiling Mouth Gutiérrez García, Aida; Fernández-Martín, Andrés; Alguacil Sánchez, Sonia; Gutiérrez Calvo, Manuel A smile underlies the well-known recognition advantage of prototypical happy faces. However, a smiling mouth also has side effects: It biases a tendency to incorrectly judge as “happy” blended expressions with non-happy eyes (neutral, sad, etc.). This reveals interference with the processing of such mixed-smile expressions, which are otherwise ubiquitous in social settings (hence its practical importance). To account for this effect, we investigated two mechanisms: Perceptual overshadowing driven by the smile visual saliency, and categorical priming driven by the smile diagnostic value. In Experiment 1, we obtained diagnostic values for the mouth and eye regions of facial expressions of emotion. In Experiment 2, facilitation and interference effects of prime mouths on probe eyes were examined as a function of such values. In Experiment 3, overshadowing and priming were compared. Results showed, first, a high diagnostic value of the smiling mouth, followed by disgusted, sad, and angry mouths. Second, in correspondence with such values, the mouth expressions facilitated the recognition of congruent eyes. Importantly, the presence of a smiling mouth especially impaired the accurate recognition of non-happy eyes. This supports the categorical priming hypothesis. And, third, the smiling mouth still caused some (albeit limited) interference with the processing of facial information unrelated to expression (masculine/feminine appearance of the expresser). This is consistent with an overshadowing-inattentional blindness hypothesis. An alternative affective priming hypothesis is discussed.

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z Gutiérrez García, Aida Líbano Miralles, Mario del Fernández-Martín, Andrés Gutiérrez Calvo, Manuel https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11455 2026-03-17T23:42:19Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

A smile hampers encoding and memory for non-happy eyes in a face: temporal dynamics and importance of initial fixation Gutiérrez García, Aida; Líbano Miralles, Mario del; Fernández-Martín, Andrés; Gutiérrez Calvo, Manuel Blended facial expressions with a smiling mouth but non-happy eyes (neutral, sad, etc.) are often (incorrectly) judged as “happy”. We investigated the time course of this phenomenon, both forward and backward. To do this, we varied the order of presentation of a prime stimulus (upper half of a face) and a probe (lower half of a face) stimulus, and their display durations. The forward and the backward influence of the smile was assessed when the mouth was seen before or after the eyes. Participants categorised the eye expression when the mouth and the eyes were congruent or incongruent. Results showed that, as a forward prime, a smiling mouth biased the recognition of incongruent (non-happy) eyes as if they were happy. The effect started as early as 100 ms and dissipated by 1000 ms. As a backward prime, the smile also biased recognition of non-happy eye expressions as happy for at least the first 300 ms. These results suggest, respectively, that the presence of a smiling mouth impairs the accurate encoding and memory for non-happy eyes. Angry eyes are the least susceptible to this effect, probably due to their distinctiveness. An alternative response (rather than sensitivity) bias was partially ruled out.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Líbano Miralles, Mario del Corbí Santamaría, Miguel Gutiérrez García, Aida Alonso Centeno, Almudena https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11278 2026-01-24T01:05:37Z 2021-07-01T00:00:00Z

Psychological Well-Being and Home Conditions during COVID-19 Confinement. Internet Addiction and Nostalgia as Mediators Líbano Miralles, Mario del; Corbí Santamaría, Miguel; Gutiérrez García, Aida; Alonso Centeno, Almudena The COVID-19 pandemic posed a challenge for all confined populations, dealing with their home resources and suffering changes in their psychological well-being. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between home conditions (i.e., having children, square meters of the house and square meters of the terrace or similar) and psychological well-being, and to test whether this relationship is mediated by Internet addiction and nostalgia. The sample was composed of 1509 people, aged between 18 to 78 years (67.6% women). Structural Equations Models and 2 × 2 ANOVAs were analyzed. It was found that better home conditions mean greater psychological well-being, and that this relationship is partially mediated, in a negative sense, by Internet addiction and nostalgia, especially after day 45 of confinement and with greater intensity in women. These results provide evidence about how psychological well-being can be preserved during a confinement situation, which may be useful for planning healthy strategies in similar circumstances in the future.

2021-07-01T00:00:00Z Corbí Santamaría, Miguel Líbano Miralles, Mario del Alonso Centeno, Almudena Gutiérrez García, Aida https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11276 2026-01-24T01:05:43Z 2021-07-01T00:00:00Z

Have We Taken Advantage of the Quarantine to Develop Healthy Habits? A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Spanish COVID-19 Situation by Gender Corbí Santamaría, Miguel; Líbano Miralles, Mario del; Alonso Centeno, Almudena; Gutiérrez García, Aida The confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic led to changes in people’s lifestyles, which in part provided an opportunity to develop habits at home. The aims were: (1) to verify if the psychological well-being (PWB) of people related to healthy habits, and if physical activity (PA) and diet mediated this relationship; (2) to test if there were differences in this model of relationships between women and men; (3) to analyze if there were differences in healthy habits, PA, diet, and PWB depending on gender; (4) to test if there were differences in healthy habits, PA, diet, and PWB depending on living area; (5) and to assess if there were interaction effects of gender and living area in healthy habits, PA, diet, and PWB. Using a cross-sectional design, we obtained a sample of 1509 participants (18–78 years, 1020 women). Diet and PA fully mediated the relationship between PWB and healthy habits, and women developed more healthy habits than men, whereas men had higher levels of PA and PWB. We also found that people who lived in rural areas during confinement practiced more PA and had lower PWB levels than those who lived in urban areas. These results can help in the planning of strategies to promote healthy habits.

2021-07-01T00:00:00Z