2026-04-17T18:59:03Zhttps://riubu.ubu.es/oai/request

oai:riubu.ubu.es:10259/102702025-03-04T11:34:03Zcom_10259_5841com_10259_5086com_10259_2604col_10259_5842

Sáiz Manzanares, María Consuelo 510 600 0000-0002-1736-2089 Marticorena Sánchez, Raúl 338 600 0000-0002-2633-635X Escolar Llamazares, María del Camino 160 600 0000-0003-2448-0267 González Díez, Irene 859 600 0000-0002-1481-7172 Martín Antón, Luis Jorge c3864c0d-55b9-4a96-903c-adcbf028d05c 600 2025-03-03T08:18:42Z 2025-03-03T08:18:42Z 2024 http://hdl.handle.net/10259/10270 10.3390/app14167017 2076-3417 Monitoring the learning process during task solving through different channels will facilitate a better understanding of the learning process. This understanding, in turn, will provide teachers with information that will help them to offer individualised education. In the present study, monitoring was carried out during the execution of a task applied in a self-regulated virtual environment. The data were also analysed using data fusion techniques. The objectives were as follows: (1) to examine whether there were significant differences between students in cognitive load (biomarkers: fixations, saccades, pupil diameter, galvanic skin response—GSR), learning outcomes and perceived student satisfaction with respect to the type of degree (health sciences vs. engineering; and (2) to determine whether there were significant differences in cognitive load metrics, learning outcomes and perceived student satisfaction with respect to task presentation (visual and auditory vs. visual). We worked with a sample of 31 university students (21 health sciences and 10 biomedical engineering). No significant differences were found in the biomarkers (fixations, saccades, pupil diameter and GSR) or in the learning outcomes with respect to the type of degree. Differences were only detected in perceived anxiety regarding the use of virtual laboratories, being higher in biomedical engineering students. Significant differences were detected in the biomarkers of the duration of use of the virtual laboratory and in some learning outcomes related to the execution and presentation of projects with respect to the variable form of the visualisation of the laboratory (visual and auditory vs. visual). Also, in general, the use of tasks presented in self-regulated virtual spaces increased learning outcomes and perceived student satisfaction. Further studies will delve into the detection of different forms of information processing depending on the form of presentation of learning tasks. Project “Voice assistants and artificial intelligence in Moodle: a path towards a smart university” SmartLearnUni. Call 2020 R&D&I Projects—RTI Type B. MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION AND UNIVERSITIES. STATE RESEARCH AGENCY. Government of Spain, grant number PID2020-117111RB-I00”. Specifically, in the part concerning the application of multichannel eye tracking technology with university students and Project “Specialized and updated training on supporting advance technologies for early childhood education and care professionals and graduates” (eEarlyCare-T) grant number 2021-1-ES01-KA220-SCH-000032661 funded by the EUROPEAN COMMISSION. In particular, the funding has enabled the development of the e-learning classroom and educational materials. application/pdf eng MDPI Applied Sciences. 2024, V. 14, n. 16, 7017 https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167017 Atribución 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Monitoring Learning Cognitive load Eye tracking Galvanic skin response Data fusion Educación Tecnología Enseñanza superior Psicología Salud Informática Education Technology Education, Higher Psychology Health Computer science Using Integrated Multimodal Technology: A Way to Personalise Learning in Health Science and Biomedical Engineering Students info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Applied Sciences 14 16 7017 THUMBNAIL Sáiz-as_2024.pdf.jpg Sáiz-as_2024.pdf.jpg IM Thumbnail image/jpeg 4636 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/10270/4/S%c3%a1iz-as_2024.pdf.jpg 0c5aa78c208f9d3697b1793ddac4d5e5 MD5 4 LICENSE license.txt license.txt text/plain; charset=utf-8 999 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/10270/3/license.txt b295bcbce42e2caabeb0c623d3860c06 MD5 3 CC-LICENSE license_rdf license_rdf application/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8 908 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/10270/2/license_rdf 0175ea4a2d4caec4bbcc37e300941108 MD5 2 ORIGINAL Sáiz-as_2024.pdf Sáiz-as_2024.pdf application/pdf 7954614 https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/10270/1/S%c3%a1iz-as_2024.pdf fe4394ae3d5c76ce8e36eb6c8875b0fb MD5 1 10259/10270 oai:riubu.ubu.es:10259/10270 2025-03-04 12:34:03.266 Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos bubrep@ubu.es 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