2026-04-19T16:51:46Zhttps://riubu.ubu.es/oai/request

oai:riubu.ubu.es:10259/110132025-10-30T01:05:42Zcom_10259_4313com_10259_5086com_10259_2604col_10259_4314

Natural mediators for indigo carmine dye removal with immobilized laccase in polyacrylic films Vallejo García, Jorge Lucas Trigo López, Miriam Ibeas Cortes, Saturnino García García, Félix Clemente Busto Núñez, Mª Dolores Núñez-Carrero, Karina C. Alonso-Pastor, Luis E. Vallejos Calzada, Saúl Laccase Enzyme immobilization Indigo carmine Dyes bioremediation Smart-polymer Polymers LCA TEA Biorremediación Química orgánica Bioremediation Chemistry, Organic This work presents a new polymeric material in the form of a film (FLAC) containing immobilized laccase enzyme through diazo bonds, designed for the degradation of indigo carmine dye, which is highly toxic and commonly found in wastewater from the textile industry. The immobilization of the enzyme in the film was characterized by SEM, FT-IR, DSC, TGA and EDXS. The degradation of the dye by FLAC initiates in the presence of a mediator due to the high redox potential of the dye. Six natural mediators (ferulic acid, syringaldazine, guaiacol, eugenol, thymol, and p-coumaric acid) were tested, and complete degradation of the dye was achieved in 180 min, with a mediator concentration of 1 ppm (syringaldazine) and a dye concentration of 10 ppm. A novelty in this study is the short exposure time of the dye-mediator solution to FLAC (15 min) which allowed the degradation process to continue autonomously after the film was removed. Additionally, it was observed that the material was more effective in the presence of textile washing products, achieving over 99 % degradation in 40 min, surpassing its efficacy in distilled water. Regarding reusability, the material retained >90 % of its activity after five cycles of use and washing. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) identified key levers for techno-economic and environmental viability: shorten cycle time (surfactant media), maximise re-use and per-cycle volume/concentration, implement solvent recovery, and energy decarbonization thereby outlining a roadmap to sustainable scale-up. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by all funders. Author S. Vallejos received Grant PID2023-147301OB-I00 and Grant 3101166576-166576-29-325 funded by MICIU/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER, EU. The financial support provided by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, ERDF) and Regional Government of Castilla y León -Consejería de Educación, Junta de Castilla y León- (BU025P23) is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by the Regional Government of Castilla y León (Junta de Castilla y León) and by the Ministry of Science and Innovation MICIN and the European Union NextGenerationEU PRTR. J. L. Vallejo-García received the grant PRE2021-09812 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by “ESF Investing in your future”. Author Saul Vallejos received grant BG22/00086 funded by Spanish Ministerio de Universidades. 2025-10-29T12:34:50Z 2025-10-29T12:34:50Z 2025-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 2590-1230 https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11013 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107880 eng Results in Engineering. 2025, V. 28, 107880 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107880 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica, Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2023-147301OB-I00/ES/POLIMEROS INTELIGENTES COMO MATERIALES AVANZADOS, SU DISEÑO Y SINTESIS PARA APLICACIONES EN BIOMEDICINA, AGROALIMENTACION Y SOSTENIBILIDAD AMBIENTAL/ info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/Junta de Castilla y León//BU025P23//Polímeros inteligentes. Aplicación en seguridad y control alimentario y biomédico, construcción sostenible y biorremediación (pin)/ info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica, Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PRE2021-098123/ES/ info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MIU/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/BG22%2F00086/ES/ info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MICIU//3101166576-166576-29-325/ES/ Atribución 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess application/pdf Elsevier https://riubu.ubu.es/bitstream/10259/11013/4/Vallejo-re_2025.pdf.jpg Hispana TEXT http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ RIUBU. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11013