2026-07-11T21:38:58Zhttps://riubu.ubu.es/oai/request

oai:riubu.ubu.es:10259/118992026-07-04T00:05:25Zcom_10259_11209com_10259_5086com_10259_2604col_10259_11210

Dietary Supplement Use in Competitive Spanish Football Players and Differences According to Sex Sousa-Rufino, Carlos Pareja-Galeano, Helios Martínez Ferrán, María Dietary supplements Football Soccer Nutrition Ergogenic aids Performance Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the consumption of dietary supplements (DS) in semi-professional male and professional female Spanish foot-ball players. Methods: The study involved 129 football players (92 men and 37 women) who completed a validated, self-administered questionnaire on the use of DS in athletes. Results: The results indicated that 96.12% of the sample reported taking DS, with the main reason for consumption being performance enhancement. The most commonly consumed DS were creatine monohydrate (66.77%), caffeine (56.59%), whey protein (48.06%), isotonic drinks (37.21%), vitamin D (27.91%), energy bars (27.13%), magnesium (20.93%), and vita-min C (20.16%). Additionally, significant differences were found between sexes regarding vitamin D consumption (p < 0.05; OR = 3.27 [0.36–2.00]). According to the Australian Institute of Sport DS classification, group A was the most consumed, followed by group B. Significant sex differences were found in the consumption of sports foods (p = 0.034; OR = 3.25 [0.05–2.31]) and medical supplements (p < 0.001; OR = 3.75 [0.52–2.12]). Sex differences were also found in place of purchase, source of recommendation, as well as the situation and timing of consumption (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The use of DS among Spanish football players was prevalent at 96.12%, with creatine monohydrate, caffeine, and whey protein being the most commonly consumed. Differences in consumption patterns were noted between sexes. 2026-07-03T11:03:53Z 2026-07-03T11:03:53Z 2026-07-03T11:03:53Z 2025-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2072-6643 https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11899 10.3390/nu17040602 eng Nutrients. 2025, V. 17, n. 4, art. 602 https:// doi.org/10.3390/nu17040602 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Atribución 4.0 Internacional MDPI