RT info:eu-repo/semantics/article
T1 An acoustic method for flow rate estimation in agricultural sprayer nozzles
A1 Ruiz González, Rubén
A1 Stombaugh, Tim
A1 Martínez-Martínez, Víctor
A1 Gómez Gil, Jaime
K1 Agricultural sprayer nozzle
K1 Flowmeter
K1 Acoustic signal
K1 Microphone
K1 Frequency analysis
K1 Cost-effective solution
K1 Ingeniería Agrícola
K1 Agricultural engineering
K1 Ingeniería de Sistemas
K1 Systems engineering
AB The cost of current flow rate measurement devices is quite high compared to the cost of low-end microphones. This circumstance, together with the fact that common agricultural sprayers have more than 50 nozzles, makes the use of current flow rate measurement devices cost-prohibitive. That considered, this article examines, by proposing one particular method, the feasibility of using microphones as flowmeters for nozzle tips in agricultural sprayers. The proposed method consists of the following stages: (i) acquisition of the digital acoustic data sequence, (ii) signal preprocessing, (iii) frequency domain transformation using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis, (iv) in-band power calculation, (v) power normalization, and (vi) regression or curve fitting. This method was assessed in an in-lab sprayer test bench employing 11 commercial nozzle tips at several operating flow rates within or close to those recommended by the manufacturers. The experimental results yielded, for all the tested nozzle tips, average absolute and relative Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values always below 0.08 liters per minute (lpm) and 5%, respectively, while the overall mean absolute and relative RMSE values were lower than 0.05 lpm and 2.5%. Furthermore, for each tested nozzle tip, the Maximum Absolute Error (MAE) was always bounded below 0.3 lpm, being the absolute error lower than 0.15 lpm for 95% of the time. The accuracies when employing a high-end microphone instead of a low-end one presented no statistically significant differences. These results provide strong evidence of the feasibility of accurately estimating the nozzle tip flow rate in real time based on acoustic signals. Moreover, no significant improvements are to be expected by using a high-end microphone instead of a low-end one. However, there are still some issues that should be tackled in order to enable the application of this method in real agricultural settings.
PB Elsevier
SN 0168-1699
YR 2017
FD 2017-08
LK http://hdl.handle.net/10259/9683
UL http://hdl.handle.net/10259/9683
LA eng
NO During all the stages of this study, they were both funded by a Formación de Personal Investigador program grant, financed by the University of Valladolid (Spain) and co-financed by Banco Santander.
DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos
RD 04-dic-2024