Background: MXenes and Graphene possess outstanding physicochemical
properties (thermal stability, electrical conductivity). They have strong
application potential in biosensors, conductive ink, and EMI shielding.
Challenge: Current (nano)particle regulations present critical gaps, particularly
in human health risk assessment. There is a growing need for Safe by
Design (SbD) aligned evaluation strategies.
Aim: Implementing NAMs (in vitro and in silico) to replace animal testing and
effectively bridge the in vitro-in vivo gap in safety assessments.
Approach: Step-1 SbD was implemented via chemical hazard identification. In
vitro NAMs (static and dynamic 3D spheroids) were compared with 2D
cultures in a multi-tiered approach integrating toxicological profiles
with predictive in silico models for mechanistic cellular analysis.
Impact: Enables SbD-driven, animal-free predictive toxicology by integrating
advanced 3D NAMs with in silico mechanistic modeling.
